![]() ![]() In lively prose, reflecting personal experience with apes in the rain forest, he compares our two closest relatives and explains the striking differences between the male- dominated and territorial chimpanzees and the female-centered gentle bonobos. Many theories that assess selective pressures and proximate mechanisms underlying human cooperative evolution are built around the idea that bonobos ( Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) differ substantially in terms of their tolerance levels and cooperative abilities (e.g. "Takeshi Furuichi is one of very few scientists in the world familiar with both chimpanzees and bonobos. Lastly, by identifying key mechanisms of social coexistence in these two species, the author also seeks to find solutions or “hope” for the peaceful coexistence of human beings. But humans also show strong propensities for between-group tolerance and large-scale. Between-group competition over resources is often invoked to explain out-group hostility and in-group cooperation and altruism ( 1 ). The evolution of our tendencies for warfare and peacemaking is of urgent interest. Although they are non-related in male-philopatric society, they usually aggregate in a group, enjoy priority access to food, determine which male is the alpha male, and generally maintain much more peaceful social relations compared to chimpanzees. Warlike chimpanzees and peacemaking bonobos. By evolving pseudo-estrus during their non-reproductive period, females have succeeded in moderating inter-male sexual competition, and in initiating mate selection. In contrast, female bonobos have the same or even a higher social status than males. ![]() Chimpanzees have developed social intelligence to survive severe competition among males: by upholding the hierarchy of dominance, they can usually preserve peaceful relations among group members. Chimpanzees are known as a fairly despotic species in which the males exclusively dominate over the females, and maintain a rigid hierarchy. This book describes the similarities and differences between two species, bonobos and chimpanzees, based on the three decades the author has spent studying them in the wild, and shows how the contrasting nature of these two species is also reflected in human nature. The most important differences between bonobos and chimpanzees, our closest relatives, are the social mechanisms of coexistence in group life. ![]()
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